A pesticide residue detection method (10) is disclosed, comprising the steps: (a) irradiating a sample to be detected by an exciting light and collecting a Raman scattered light from the sample (300); (b) acquiring a Raman spectrum of the sample from the collected Raman scattered light (400); and (c) comparing the Raman spectrum with reference Raman spectra for known pesticides in a reference Raman library to determine composition and concentration of the pesticide residue in the sample (500). The method (10) may achieve effective, convenient and accurate inspection of the pesticide residue in foods, in particular suitable for rapid detection.