Electrodes that include at least one active material layer, and at least one graphitized carbon structure layer are disclosed. The active material layer may include an active metal ion complex. The at least one active material layer may form an active material stack that includes a positive active material layer, a negative active material layer, and an electrolyte layer disposed between the positive active material layer and the negative active material layer. The electrode may be configured as an energy storage structure. The energy storage structure may include a first graphitized carbon structure layer, a second graphitized carbon structure layer, and an active material stack disposed between the first graphitized carbon structure layer and the second graphitized carbon structure layer. Methods of making energy storage structures are also disclosed.