A method and a device for configuring and determining a code superposition-based multiuser encoding mode are provided. The configuring method includes steps of: determining, by a network device, UEs by which an identical transmission resource is to be multiplexed; and configuring, by the network device, different columns in a preconfigured encoding matrix formed through multiuser code superposition for the UEs, so as to enable each UE to transmit data in accordance with an encoding mode corresponding to the column configured by the network device, at least two columns in the encoding matrix having different diversity orders.