An automatic speech recognition with detection of at least one contextual element, and application to aircraft flying and maintenance are provided. The automatic speech recognition device comprises a unit for acquiring an audio signal, a device for detecting the state of at least one contextual element, and a language decoder for determining an oral instruction corresponding to the audio signal. The language decoder comprises at least one acoustic model defining an acoustic probability law and at least two syntax models each defining a syntax probability law. The language decoder also comprises an oral instruction construction algorithm implementing the acoustic model and a plurality of active syntax models taken from among the syntax models, a contextualization processor to select, based on the state of the order each contextual element detected by the detection device, at least one syntax model selected from among the plurality of active syntax models, and a processor for determining the oral instruction corresponding to the audio signal.