Infusion systems, infusion devices, and related operating methods are provided. An exemplary method of operating an infusion device capable of delivering fluid to a patient involves obtaining, by a control system associated with the infusion device, user input indicating an activity by the patient, obtaining historical data for the patient corresponding to the activity, determining a probable patient response corresponding to the activity based at least in part on the historical data for the patient, determining an adjustment for delivering the fluid by the infusion device based at least in part on the probable patient response, and operating the infusion device to deliver the fluid to the patient in accordance with the adjustment.