Disclosed is a method of acquiring the rock component content in a stratum, the method comprising: on the basis of acquired element capture spectroscopy logging data, performing normalization processing on each element yield in the stratum rock components; on the basis of an element yield curve obtained from the normalization processing and a pre-established stratum rock interpretation model, establishing a logging curve response equation set; and utilizing the established logging curve response equation set and an optimization algorithm, calculating the content of a rock component in a stratum. The method and device can directly process element yield data of element capture spectroscopy logging, and can improve the accuracy of calculating the rock component in a stratum.