Provided are an optical modulation device, a method of operating the optical modulation device, and an apparatus including the optical modulation device. The optical modulation device may include a mirror array including a plurality of mirror elements, a nano-antenna array including a plurality of nano-antennas, and an active layer disposed between the mirror array and the nano-antenna array. At least some of the plurality of mirror elements may have different refractive indices. The at least some of the plurality of mirror elements may include different materials, include different dopants, or have different doping concentrations.