This application provides a data transmission method and apparatus, and a system. The method includes: receiving, by a terminal device, a first group of precoded reference signals and a second group of precoded reference signals, where the first group of precoded reference signals includes at least one precoded reference signal, and the second group of precoded reference signals includes at least one precoded reference signal; and feeding back, by the terminal device, at least one piece of first indication information based on a transmission scheme that channel state information CSI feedback is based on, where the at least one piece of first indication information is used to determine a plurality of precoding vectors, at least one of the plurality of precoding vectors is a precoding vector corresponding to the at least one precoded reference signal in the first group of precoded reference signals, and at least one of the plurality of precoding vectors is a precoding vector corresponding to the at least one precoded reference signal in the second group of precoded reference signals.