The disclosure relates to a composition for dyeing keratin fibers, in particular human keratin fibers such as hair, comprising one or more oxidation dyes, one or more scleroglucan gums in a total weight content greater than or equal to 0.5% relative to the total weight of the composition, and one or more associative polymers comprising at least one fatty chain having 8 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably non-ionic. The disclosure also relates to a method for dyeing keratin fibers using said composition and to a multi-compartment device suitable for implementing said composition.