Techniques and solutions are described for implementing virtual domains. Computing resources in a computing environment are determined and assigned to one or more virtual domains. One or more data structures can be located in a given virtual domain. The computing resources assigned to a virtual domain can be dynamically reconfigured without affecting processes that submit tasks to be performed on data structures in the virtual domains. Tasks can be submitted to a dispatcher, which can determine the appropriate virtual domain for the task and forward the task to the determined virtual domain. Tasks are received by virtual domains and assigned to worker threads, which can access a data structure specified for a given task.