Embodiments of the present invention provide systems, methods, and computer storage media for one-shot and few-shot image segmentation on classes of objects that were not represented during training. In some embodiments, a dual prediction scheme may be applied in which query and support masks are jointly predicted using a shared decoder, which aids in similarity propagation between the query and support features. Additionally or alternatively, foreground and background attentive fusion may be applied to utilize cues from foreground and background feature similarities between the query and support images. Finally, to prevent overfitting on class-conditional similarities across training classes, input channel averaging may be applied for the query image during training. Accordingly, the techniques described herein may be used to achieve state-of-the-art performance for both one-shot and few-shot segmentation tasks.