The invention relates to a composition in the form of a nanoemulsion or microemulsion, comprising: —a first fatty acid ester of polyglycerol which is chosen from a fatty acid ester of polyglycerol formed from at least one acid comprising an alkyl or alkenyl chain containing from 12 to 20 carbon atoms and from 3 to 6 glycerol units; —a second fatty acid ester of (poly)glycerol (c) which is chosen from a fatty acid ester of (poly)glycerol formed from at least one acid comprising an alkyl or alkenyl chain containing from 6 to 18 carbon atoms and from 1 to 3 glycerol units; —at least one organopolysiloxane elastomer; —at least two acrylic acid-based polymers that are different from one another; —at least one amphiphilic polymer comprising at least one 2-acrylamidomethylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) unit; —at least one oil; —water. The invention also relates to a cosmetic treatment process for keratin materials such as the skin, by application of such a composition.