A molding process of a co-cured short-fiber resin-based damping composite material and a molding part. Different from a traditional centrifugal processing process of a thin-walled tube of a resin-based composite material, the process uses raw materials including three kinds of materials with different densities and including two kinds of short-fiber epoxy resin with different densities and a damping material. During centrifugal molding, the three kinds of materials are made into fluids to be respectively injected at a uniform speed in three times according to the sizes of the densities. Layering is performed by using different centrifugal forces applied to the three kinds of materials. Co-curing is performed according to a resin curing process after the three kinds of materials are stably distributed, and a tubular thin-walled part of the embedded co-cured short-fiber resin-based damping composite material with a uniform wall thickness is obtained.