A method for tracking containers. The method includes manufacturing containers, including forming the containers and serializing them with machine-readable codes. The method further includes using the machine-readable codes to store data associated with the containers, and supplying the containers to a customer. The method still further comprises receiving from the customer, data obtained from customer-readings of the machine-readable codes; and receiving from one or more other locations in a distribution chain in which the containers travel, data obtained from readings of the machine-readable codes at those locations. The method still further comprises comparing the data from the customer-readings and other readings of the machine-readable codes across product brands, product distribution channels, and/or container types, and providing the data to the customer. In at least some embodiments, the method further comprises receiving from the customer a compensation for the containers, for example, a per-refill compensation.