A modular surrogate can include: a body having an external body surface with an anatomical shape, wherein the body includes an internal chamber with at least one port formed in the body extending inwardly; at least one anatomical module having an external module portion and a module stem coupled thereto, the module stem being received into a corresponding module port of the at least one port, the external module portion having an external module surface with an anatomical shape, the external body surface matches with the external module surface to provide a continuous anatomical shape; at least one sensor located in the at least one anatomical module; and at least one controller, wherein when the at least one anatomical module is coupled with the body, the at least one sensor is capable of being operably coupled with the at least one controller.