An alignment deviation detection method and apparatus of a display panel, a data compensation method and apparatus. The method includes: providing a first data signal for causing the dimming screen to display an alignment dimming picture including a first alignment pattern; providing a second data signal for causing the display screen to display an alignment display picture including a second alignment pattern; under a control of the first data signal, making the dimming screen display the alignment dimming picture, and under a control of the second data signal, making the display screen display the alignment display picture; according to a display situation of the second alignment pattern, determining an alignment state between the display screen and the dimming screen. An orthographic projection of the second alignment pattern on the dimming screen is preset to be at least partially aligned with and at least partially deviated from the first alignment pattern.