Disclosed herein are an image encoding and decoding method and apparatus for signaling information on the number of DPB parameters, and a recording medium storing a bitstream. An image decoding method may comprise obtaining first information indicating the number of decoded picture buffer (DPB) parameter syntax structures in a video parameter set (VPS), computing the number of DPB parameter syntax structures in the VPS based on the first information, obtaining the DPB parameter syntax structures in the VPS based on the number of DPB parameter syntax structures, and managing a DPB based on the DPB parameter syntax structures.