Provided are a positioning method, device and system for a transmitting device, and a storage medium and an electronic device. The method includes that: control information is determined by a receiving device, wherein the control information includes temporal information and control direction information, and the control direction information is used for instructing a meta-surface control unit to adjust a reflection coefficient of a meta-surface to a target reflection coefficient corresponding to a preset direction within a target time period; a pilot signal is transmitted to the meta-surface by a transmitting device; the control information is sent to the meta-surface control unit by the receiving device; and a signal measurement result corresponding to the preset direction is determined, and the transmitting device is positioned according to the preset direction and the signal measurement result.