An image-capturing element includes a pair of photoelectric conversion cells that pupil-divide object light in a first direction and in a second direction and that output a ranging signal. The photoelectric conversion cells include a photoreceiving element configured to receive the object light and generate a ranging signal, a first light-shielding layer having a first light-transmitting area, and a second light-shielding layer having a second light-transmitting area. The photoelectric conversion cells include a first photoelectric conversion cell in which the first light-transmitting area is offset in the first direction on the first light-shielding layer and the second light-transmitting area is offset in the second direction on the second light-shielding layer, and a second photoelectric conversion cell in which the first light-transmitting area is offset in the second direction on the first light-shielding layer and the second light-transmitting area is offset in the first direction on the second light-shielding layer.