Surgical procedures, kits and implants for alleviating human incontinence, and particularly providing improved methods and apparatus to secure a urethral sling to pubic bone in a sub-urethral location to support the urethra and alleviate incontinence are disclosed. Bone anchors, e.g., bone screws, are driven into pubic bones with exposed bone anchor heads and necks configured to receive and support a urethral sling applied to the bone anchors with and without retainers applied against the urethral sling to retain portions of the urethral sling between the bone anchor heads and the pubic bones.