A rod holder configured to operate in a two-stage loading manner allows a rod to be easily received. A minimally invasive system for spinal surgical operation allows a rod to be more accurately and stably received to a pedicle screw inserted into a vertebra by using the rod holder, a rod guide and a rod guide holder. The rod holder may control a rod with three stages: a first loading stage for moving back and fixing a loading unit to fixedly grip the rod; a second loading stage for rotatably gripping the rod; and a rod mounting stage for separating the rod from the rod holder. The spine surgery system includes a pair of rod guides connected to upper ends of a pair of pedicle screws to form a moving path of the rod; a rod holder; and a rod guide holder for defining an insertion path.