A modular medical device includes a core module housing. The core module housing includes a treatment module interface configured to couple to any one of a plurality of treatment modules, and each of the plurality of treatment modules includes a treatment assembly configured to apply a medical treatment. The core housing module contains one or more processing devices coupled to the treatment module interface and configured to determine which particular treatment module, from the plurality of treatment modules, is coupled to the treatment module interface. The one or more processing devices are configured to select, based on the determination, a set of control instructions for the particular treatment module from a plurality of control instructions, and control the particular treatment module using the selected control instructions such that the treatment assembly of the particular treatment module applies the medical treatment for which the treatment assembly is configured.