A hybrid optical-electrical neural interface is disclosed and described. The neural interface can include an array (100) having a plurality of micro-optrodes (HO). The micro-optrodes (110) are capable of optical and optionally electrical stimulation and recording, allowing bidirectional, multi-modal communication with neural tissue. At least a portion of the plurality of micro-optrodes (110) are independently optically addressable and include an optical waveguide along each micro-optrode (HO). Combining optical stimulation with electrical recording can allow artifact-free recording from nearby electrodes and in some cases even the same electrode, which is difficult to achieve with combined electrical recording and stimulation. The optical waveguide is configured to direct light towards a distal end (125) of the micro-optrode, allowing focal stimulation and recording. Penetrating micro-optrodes (110) can allow access to deep tissue, while non-penetrating micro-optrodes can be used for extraneural stimulation.