A carbon material, a jig, and a method of manufacturing the carbon material are provided that can prevent dust emission and also improve the temperature resistance under a nitrogen atmosphere. In a carbon material having a carbon substrate and a metal carbide layer formed on a surface of the carbon substrate, the metal carbide layer includes molybdenum carbide and/or iron carbide. The carbon substrate embedded in a surface modifying agent containing a pyrolytic hydrogen halide generating agent and molybdenum particles and/or iron particles is heat-treated together with a carbon member other than the carbon substrate.