Example embodiments relate to electrode materials, secondary batteries including the electrode materials, and methods of manufacturing the electrode materials and the secondary batteries. An electrode material may include a foam structure having a plurality of pores and a plurality of nanostructures disposed in the plurality of pores. The foam structure may include a graphene foam structure. The plurality of nanostructures may include at least one of a nanoparticle and a nanorod. The plurality of nanostructures may include a material capable of accommodating/discharging ions. The electrode material may be used as an anode material of a secondary battery.