Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a safety protection device for Raman spectroscopy detection and a Raman spectroscopy detection system including the safety protection device. The safety protection device includes: a detection cavity including a cavity body, the cavity body having an opening end through which a sample to be detected is allowed to be placed into the detection cavity; and a cover configured to cover and engage the opening end so as to form, together with the detection cavity, an explosion proof container defining a space for receiving the sample to be detected, the detection cavity further includes a detection opening formed in the cavity body such that a Raman detection probe is allowed to be inserted into the space through the detection opening so as to detect the sample.