A closed-loop control device of a mechanical sewing machine includes an isolated switch-mode power supply module, a DC motor, a speed control module, a processor, an electronic switch, a current detection module and a voltage detection module. The isolated switch-mode power supply module rectifies an AC power to a DC power and supplies the DC power to the DC motor. The speed control module sends a speed signal to the processor. The processor adjusts an output voltage to the DC motor according to the speed signal. The current detection module and the voltage detection module further detect an operating current signal and an operating voltage signal of the DC motor for the processor to control a turn-on time of the electronic switch to adjust an average operating voltage of the DC motor according to the operating current signal, the operating voltage signal and the speed signal.