Disclosed is a stereo camera-based autonomous driving method and apparatus, the method including estimating a driving situation of a vehicle, determining a parameter to control a stereo camera width of a stereo camera based on the estimated driving situation, controlling a capturer configured to control arrangement between two cameras of the stereo camera for a first direction based on the determined parameter, and measuring a depth of an object located in the first direction based on two images respectively captured by the two cameras with the controlled arrangement.