Disclosed is a sliding window emergency opening system, comprising: an emergency opening device (2) and a general opening control device (3); wherein a first rotary shaft (202) in the emergency opening device is rotatably mounted on a first base (201); a first pulling cable (206) is wound around the first rotary shaft (202), and one end thereof is connected with a movable sash of the sliding window (1); a first ratchet (203) is fixedly connected with the first rotary shaft (202); a first elastic component is compressed to make a first pawl (204) abut against the first ratchet (203); a second rotary shaft (302) in the general opening control device (3) is rotatably mounted on a second base (301); one end of a general control pulling cable (303) is connected with the second rotary shaft (302), and the other end is connected with the first pawl (204); when the second rotary shaft (302) rotates, the general control pulling cable (303) is wound up to make the first pawl (204) detached from the first ratchet (203); under the action of the gravity of the movable sash in the sliding window, the first pulling cable (206) drives the first rotary shaft (202) to rotate so as to open the movable sash. In practical application, the general opening control device (3) may be provided at a location far from the emergency opening device (2), and the emergency opening device may be remotely controlled to open the movable sash.