Pathogen detection includes providing a sensor having first conductive lines alternated with second conductive lines, the first and second lines being formed over a substrate providing electrical isolation between the first and second lines and being at least partially exposed. Via voltage circuitry, a voltage difference is applied between the first and second lines. A user's breath is applied to the sensor and contacts exposed parts of the first lines simultaneous to exposed parts of the second lines. Pathogens from the user's breath bridge the electrical isolation between an individual first line and an opposing, individual second line and cause a short circuit. Via a comparator or controller, a current is detected flowing in the first and second lines due to the short circuit through the pathogens. A warning module indicates that the comparator or controller detected that the current is above a warning threshold.