Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for generating a map for autonomous driving and recognizing a location based on the generated map. When generating a map, a spherical range image is obtained by projecting 3D coordinate information corresponding to a 3D space onto a 2D plane, and semantic segmentation is performed on the spherical range image to generate a semantic segmented image. Then, map data including a spherical range image, a semantic segmented image, and lane attribute information are generated.