The present disclosure relates to capacitor-assisted lithium-sulfur batteries including capacitor electrodes and/or capacitor-based interlayers. For example, a capacitor-assisted lithium-sulfur battery that includes two or more cells is provided. Each cell includes at least two electrodes selected from: a first electrode including a sulfur-containing electroactive material; a second electrode including a negative electroactive material; a first capacitor electrode including a positive capacitor active material; and a second capacitor electrode including a negative capacitor active material. Each electrode may be disposed adjacent to a surface of a current collector and a separator may be disposed between adjacent electrodes so as to provide electrical separation. One of the two or more cells includes the first electrode and the second electrode, and no cell includes both the first electrode and the first capacitor electrode or both the second electrode and the second capacitor electrode. Each cell may further include at least one capacitor-based interlayer.