Systems and methods for treating an aneurysm in accordance with embodiments of the present technology include intravascularly delivering an occlusive member to an aneurysm cavity via an elongated shaft and transforming a shape of the occlusive member within the cavity. The method may include introduction of an embolic element to a space between the occlusive member and an inner surface of the aneurysm wall. In some embodiments, the elongated shaft is detachably coupled to a distal portion of the occlusive member.