A method which includes obtaining an initial velocity model and perturbing the initial velocity model to form a first plurality of velocity models. The method includes using a forward model to simulate seismic data sets from the first plurality of velocity models and transforming the seismic data sets to the wavenumber-time domain. The method includes training a machine-learned model using the first plurality of velocity models and the transformed seismic data sets, wherein the machine-learned model is configured to accept transformed seismic data. The method includes obtaining a second seismic data set for a subsurface region of interest, wherein the second seismic data set is acquired according to a second survey configuration and transforming the second seismic data set to the wavenumber-time domain. The method further includes processing the second transformed data set with the trained machine-learned model to predict a second velocity model for the subsurface region of interest.