Methods, devices, and media are disclosed for mapping of input and output spaces in head-based human-computer interactions. In some embodiments, an end-to-end method is described for designing a head-based user interface, calibrating the interface to individual users, and interacting with a user in real time by mapping head-based user inputs to an output space in a way that optimizes the target selection efficiency of the interaction. Head orientation may be leveraged to define the mapping between the user input and the output space.