A robot wheel driving apparatus includes a wheel to which a tire is coupled and configured to drive a robot, a wheel cover covering and coupled to both sides of the wheel, a motor housing inserted into the wheel, and a motor embedded in the motor housing and configured to provide a rotating force to the wheel. The wheel cover includes a wheel cover hole configured to allow air to flow from an outside of the wheel cover toward the wheel, and the wheel includes a wheel hole configured to allow air flowing into the wheel through the wheel cover hole to flow toward the motor housing, and a blade configured to allow air to flow between the wheel and the motor housing by rotation of the wheel.