A fluorescence detection device that has higher detection sensitivity for fluorescence is provided. The fluorescence detection device includes: a light source configured to irradiate a sample with excitation light in a circularly polarized state; a cholesteric liquid crystal layer configured to cause fluorescence emitted by the sample due to the excitation light to transmit therethrough and reflect the excitation light; and detection circuitry configured to detect the fluorescence transmitted through the cholesteric liquid crystal layer.