A three-dimensional periodic structure, a method of producing the same, a high frequency element, and a high frequency apparatus that can be applied to a signal transmission path or a functional element in, for example, a compact functional element in a frequency range lower than optical frequencies, such as the microwave range are provided. The three-dimensional periodic structure includes a three-dimensional periodic structure component which includes two substances having different dielectric constants periodically distributed in three-dimensional axial directions, a dielectric layer having a predetermined thickness provided at the periphery thereof, and a conductor provided on external surfaces of the dielectric layer. A third material which is different from the two substances and having predetermined dimensions embedded into the three-dimensional periodic structure component can be provided. A transmission path integrally equipped with a conductor is constructed, which is used as a pipe of a waveguide.