Provided are an apparatus for receiving a quantum cryptographic key and an apparatus for transmitting and receiving a quantum cryptographic key at high speed without polarization drift of an optical pulse signal and phase drift of an interferometer. The apparatus for receiving a quantum key includes: a polarization-insensitive optical phase modulator parts for receiving an optical pulse signal, and modulating and outputting a phase of the optical pulse signal without being affected by the polarization state of the optical pulse signal; an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer for causing interference in and outputting the optical pulse signal received from the polarization-insensitive optical phase modulator parts; and a photon detectors for detecting the optical pulse signal received from the asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer. According to the apparatuses, it is possible to perform quantum cryptography communication at high speed without being affected by polarization drift of an optical pulse signal and phase drift of an interferometer.