The present invention relates to a composition containing Substance P for preventing or treating an inflammation. The composition containing Substance P according to the present invention exhibits the effect of decreasing leukocytes, neutrophils and hematopoietic stem cells in a blood, which are associated with the inflammation, and of increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, regulatory T-lymphocytes, anti-inflammatory macrophages and the like, thereby terminating inflammatory response at an early stage, and is thus highly effective in preventing and treating the inflammation caused by a non-traumatic, traumatic, infectious or ischemic retinal injury.