The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for transmitting and receiving data in a relay communication system. The method and the apparatus allocate resources by dividing backhaul link resources into plural partitions, and then transmit and receive data. The data transmission method of the invention comprises the steps of: allocating a certain number of initial OFDM symbol transmission periods in a sub-frame of a downlink channel to a control channel that transfers the control information of the terminal, wherein data is transmitted from a base station to a relay or terminal through the downlink channel; dividing the resource blocks excluded from the control channel of the sub-frame into at least two partitions based on frequency domain; determining whether or not each divided partition is allocated to the relay or terminal as resources; and allocating data to the determined partition in order to transmit the partition to the relay or terminal through the downlink channel, wherein the partition determined for the allocation of resources to the relay is allocated to the relay through time division multiplexing (TDM) or frequency division multiplexing of both control and data channels of the relay.