The present invention relates to a composition for dyeing keratin fibers, comprising:—one or more fatty substances,—one or more surfactants;—one or more oxidation bases,—one or more phenol-derived couplers corresponding to the formula (B2) below: * R1, R3, R5, represent a hydrogen; an optionally substituted C1-C8 alkyl or alkenyl radical; —SR or —OR; a saturated C5-C7 cyclic group; a (C1-C4)alkylcarbonyl group; hydrocarbonyl; a sulphonic or carboxylic acid group; * at least one of the radicals R1, R3, R5 representing a hydrogen atom; * R2, R4 represent a hydrogen; an optionally substituted C1-C8 alkyl or alkenyl; —SR; a (C1-C4)alkyl-carbonyl; hydrocarbonyl; a sulphonic or carboxylic acid group; * two groups chosen from R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and borne by adjacent carbon atoms may form, together with said carbon atoms, a ring or a heterocycle with a single heteroatom, this ring or heterocycle comprising no double bond other than that of the ring to which it is fused; * at least one of the radicals R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 being other than hydrogen;—one or more alkalinizing agents; the fatty substance content representing in total at least 25% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition. The present invention also relates to a process using this composition in the presence of at least one chemical oxidizing agent, and to multicompartment devices suitable for the implementation of the invention.