One illustrative embodiment is a method comprising operating an engine and an aftertreatment system by controlling a plurality of charge constituents provided the engine, iteratively perturbating one or more combustion inputs effective to vary operation of the engine, and determining fuel consumption and emissions information at the operating points effective to seek a weighted optimization of multiple parameters including fuel consumption and reductant consumption while also meeting a predetermined NOx emissions criterion. Further embodiments, forms, objects, features, advantages, aspects, and benefits shall become apparent from the description and figures.