A method of determining a noise figure (NF) response of a device under test (DUT) comprises determining a frequency response of a noise receiver over a first frequency range, measuring a gain of the DUT over a second frequency range encompassing the first frequency range, measuring output-noise power of the DUT over the second frequency range, determining an estimated gain of the DUT based on the frequency response of the noise receiver and the gain of the DUT over the first frequency range, and determining the NF response of the DUT over the second frequency range based on the estimated gain and the output-noise power.