The present invention relates to an affinity separation system and method using a switch-like adhesion reaction. An affinity separation system according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises: a ligand (10); a binder (20) to which the ligand (10) is releasably bound and which structurally changes with the binding reaction thereof with the ligand (10); a recognition material (30) specifically binding to the structurally changed binder (20); an immobilizing member (40) having a surface onto which any one of the binder (20) and the recognition material (30) is immobilized; and a capturing material (50) polymerizing with the other of the binder (20) and the recognition material (30) to form a polymer (C) and specifically binding with a target subpopulation object material (1) in a sample solution.