An odor detection device (11), and a vehicle-mounted security inspection apparatus (1) for a container. The odor detection device (11) comprises a first-stage sampling front end (116) having a ventilation hole fitting device (116-1). The shape of the ventilation hole fitting device matches the shape of a ventilation hole on a ventilation device of a container, such that when the first-stage sampling front end (116) fits with the ventilation device, the ventilation hole fitting device (116-1) and the ventilation hole substantially fit with each other to achieve fluid communication. The vehicle-mounted security inspection apparatus (1) can perform imaging inspection and chemical inspection.