A wavefront splitting-based interferometer apparatus which is formed by means of an orthogonal beam combining manner, an optical transmission path of a reference beam and measurement beam of which is one-way, and which can be used for the precise measurement of physical parameters such as the anisotropic parameters, distance, speed, displacement, inclination angle, motion state, and flow velocity of a substance to be measured. An interference-based measurement means is a detection means in which by means of superposing two coherent optical signals that are spatially orthogonal, a two-signal phase difference is then derived by a superposed field intensity signal measured by a photoelectric sensor; and is a method that uses an observed phase difference when a spatial feature vector and effective beam of a target to be measured are perpendicular and parallel so as to inversely calculate the physical quantity of anisotropic features of the target. There are two basic types of design modes: one consists of a 2D plane structured optical path formed on the basis of a signal delayer and an optical path deflector (12), and the other consists of a 3D stereoscopic structured optical path formed on the basis of dual optical path deflectors (21, 22); and the two designs have the same function.