摘要:
This invention concerns scanning probe microscopes and related instruments ("SPMs") when used to investigate or measure large samples whose size is a multiple of the typical operational scanning area of an SPM, say 150x150µm at most. To avoid frequent readjustments or other time-consuming human interaction and errors when focusing the SPM, a multi-step, automated method for the SPM-scanning of large samples is disclosed, comprising a "coarse", i.e. low resolution, non-SPM scanning step adapted to scan a large sample and providing an integral map of the sample, followed by an evaluation step identifying "interesting" points or areas of the sample, which points or areas are then subjected to a focused "fine" scanning step by the SPM with high resolution. The associated apparatus provides the means to execute this novel three-step process.
摘要:
The optical detection system typically used in micromechanical cantilever-based instruments, e.g. scanning probe microscopes, chemical or biological sensing probes like “artificial noses”, or molecular force probe instruments, can hardly cope when measuring samples immersed in a fluid, i.e. a gas, gel, or liquid having another refractive index than the environment. Optical readout or detection becomes problematic as soon as the refractive index of the fluid changes, because signals can shift significantly. The invention provides an improved optical means at the interface between the fluid and the environment, avoiding signal shifts, and thus avoiding time-consuming and difficult re-calibration or re-adjustment of the microscope or other cantilever-based instrument.
摘要:
A high power laser source comprises a bar of laser diodes, a submount onto which said laser bar is affixed, and a cooler onto which said submount is affixed. The laser bar has a first coefficient of thermal expansion (CTEbar), the submount has a second coefficient of thermal expansion (CTEsub), and the cooler has a third coefficient of thermal expansion (CTEcool) the third coefficient (CTEcool) being higher than both said first coefficient (CTEbar) and said second coefficient (CTEsub). Contrary to the usual approach with a CTEsub matching the CTEbar, the second coefficient (CTEsub) is selected lower than both said first coefficient (CTEbar) and said third coefficient (CTEcool) according to the invention. A preferred range is CTEsub=k*CTEbar, with 0.4
摘要:
A wheel, comprised of a peripheral wheel rim (8), a central hub (14) with a central axle (9) and an outer flange (16), a plurality of spokes (2) extending between the rim and hub, a connecting element (60,80) connected to at least one of said spokes (2), and a bracing element (8,14) connected to said connecting element. The spokes (2) are as usual connected to the rim and to the hub and have a span portion between the rim and hub. The spoke (2) is a generally slender element with a longitudinal axis and also has a tensile axis of applied tensile load along the span portion. The bracing element (8,14) includes at least a portion of the rim and/or the hub. The connecting element (60,80) includes a first portion (44a,66a) and a second portion (44b,66b), with the first portion integrally joined to the second portion at a joining interface (48a,48b,50a,50b,68a,68b,70a,70b). This integral joinder of the connecting element (60,80) retains and/or engages the spoke (2) to the connecting element.
摘要:
Ein Verfahren, System und Geräte zur Erzeugung, zur Übermittlung und zum Austausch georeferenzierter Nachrichten, wobei unter Georeferenzierung die Zuweisung raumbezogener Referenzinformation zu einem Datensatz verstanden wird. Eine georeferenzierte Nachricht (GN) ist meist eine Textnachricht die zusätzlich einen Punkt oder einen anderen Bezug zu Realweltkoordinaten und/oder anderen Realweltortsangaben (z.B. Latitude und Longitude, Höhe, ggf. auch Bewegungsrichtung, Geschwindigkeit, etc.) enthält. GN sind von entscheidender Bedeutung für die raumzeitliche Erfassung und Koordination von Einsätzen von Feuerwehren, technischen oder medizinischen Hilfsorganisationen, Polizei, Sicherheitspersonal, insbesonders dann, wenn es sich um räumlich ausgedehnte Einsätze handelt, bei denen kein Sichtkontakt besteht. Die Textnachricht in der GN bezieht sich auf ein Ereignis oder einen Tatbestand am zugeordneten Punkt bzw. an den zugewiesenen Koordinaten, der Georeferenz. Damit wird ein Geschehen oder eine Sachangabe mit eines Textes und/oder Bildern eindeutig beschrieben und/oder dem Text oder Inhalt der Nachricht durch die Koordinaten der Georeferenz einen exakten Standort zuzuweisen.
摘要:
The present invention concerns an enhancement of the supercurrent carrying capabilities of bicrystalline or polycrystalline high-Tc superconductors, i.e. the critical current densities in such superconductors. The current transport properties are improved by chemically altering, especially doping, the superconductors. It seems that a modification of the space-charge layers at the boundary, e.g. by an increase of the mobile charge carrier concentrations particularly in the superconductor's grain boundaries, which concentrations differ from those resulting in optimum superconducting properties of the grains, are responsible for this positive effect.
摘要:
Disclosed are a system and a method for noninvasively and continuously monitoring blood pressure. Also disclosed is a method for making such a device. The system includes a semiconductor chip comprising a transducer array of individual pressure or force sensors and associated circuitry providing control signals to and/or processing signals from these sensors, all of the above integrated in the chip. Also disclosed is a specific sensor structure provided on said chip. The invention further encompasses a system for measuring and/or tracking the blood pressure waveform and for combining the latter with related blood values like the heartbeat, derived from the above or other measuring devices.