公开(公告)号：US08248416B2

公开(公告)日：2012-08-21

申请号：US12420894

申请日：2009-04-09

申请人： Alexander Keller ,  Carsten Waechter

发明人： Alexander Keller ,  Carsten Waechter

IPC分类号： G06T15/50

CPC分类号： G06T15/40 ,  G06T15/06

摘要： Methods, systems and computer program code (software) products executable in a digital processor operable to simulate light transport in a scene by ray tracing (wherein the digital processor is operable to maintain an object list representing a list of objects associated with a boundary of the scene) include executing a ray tracing method that traces r rays through n objects by (1) partitioning the object list in a recursive manner to generate partitions and (2) culling away the partitions of objects from rays, without using an explicit auxiliary acceleration data structure.

摘要翻译： 可在数字处理器中执行的方法，系统和计算机程序代码（软件）产品，其可操作以通过光线跟踪来模拟场景中的光传输（其中，所述数字处理器可操作以维持表示与所述场景的边界相关联的对象的列表的对象列表 场景）包括执行通过（1）以递归方式分割对象列表以生成分区并且（2）从光线剔除对象的分区而不使用明确的辅助加速数据的n个对象来追踪r射线的光线跟踪方法 结构体。

公开(公告)号：US07616198B2

公开(公告)日：2009-11-10

申请号：US10795704

申请日：2004-03-05

申请人： Rolf Herken ,  Tom-Michael Thamm

发明人： Rolf Herken ,  Tom-Michael Thamm

IPC分类号： G06T15/00 ,  G06T17/00 ,  G06T15/50 ,  G06T15/60

CPC分类号： G06T15/80 ,  G06T7/507 ,  G06T2207/20092

摘要： A computer graphics system generates a three-dimensional model of an object in an interactive manner under control of an operator. An initial model for the object to be modeled is displayed to the operator as illuminated from a particular illumination direction and projected onto an image plane. The operator can update shading of a pixel on the image plane, and, based on the updated shading, the computer graphics system generates an updated normal vector for the updated pixel, which identifies the normal of the surface of the object projected onto the updated pixel. Using the updated normal vector field and a height field, which represents the height of the respective portion of the object as projected onto the respective pixels of the image plane, the computer graphics system generates an updated height value for the updated pixel, thereby to update the height field. The updated normal vector field and the updated height field define the updated model of the object, which corresponds to the updated shape of the object as updated based on the updated shading. The computer graphics system can then display to the operator an image of the object as defined by the updated model. If the updated model is satisfactory, the computer graphics system saves the updated model as the final model. On the other hand, if the updated model is not satisfactory, the operator can further update the shading and enable the computer graphics system to generate a further updated normal vector field and updated height field, thereby to generate a further updated model for the object. The operations can be repeated until the operator determines that the object is satisfactory.

摘要翻译： 计算机图形系统在操作者的控制下以交互的方式生成对象的三维模型。 将要建模的对象的初始模型从特定照明方向显示给操作者，并投射到图像平面上。 操作员可以更新图像平面上的像素的阴影，并且基于更新的阴影，计算机图形系统生成用于更新的像素的更新的法向量，其识别投影到更新的像素上的对象的表面的法线 。 使用更新的法线矢量场和高度场，其表示投影到图像平面的各个像素上的对象的相应部分的高度，计算机图形系统为更新的像素生成更新的高度值，从而更新 高度场。 更新的法线矢量场和更新的高度场定义对象的更新模型，其对应于基于更新的阴影更新的对象的更新形状。 然后，计算机图形系统可以向操作者显示由更新的模型定义的对象的图像。 如果更新的模型令人满意，则计算机图形系统将更新的模型保存为最终模型。 另一方面，如果更新的模型不令人满意，则操作者可以进一步更新阴影，并使得计算机图形系统能够生成另外更新的法线矢量场和更新的高度场，从而为该对象生成另外更新的模型。 可以重复操作，直到操作者确定对象满意为止。

公开(公告)号：US07515151B2

公开(公告)日：2009-04-07

申请号：US11759676

申请日：2007-06-07

申请人： Alexander Keller

发明人： Alexander Keller

IPC分类号： G06T15/50

CPC分类号： G06T15/06 ,  G06T15/506 ,  G06T15/55

摘要： Computer graphics apparatus, methods, systems and program products (the term “programs” can include a product consisting of computer-readable program instructions encoded on a computer readable medium) are operable to generate pixel values for pixels in an image, and store or display a human-perceptible image based on the pixel values, using a selected ray-tracing methodology in which simulated rays are shot from the pixel into a scene, the simulated rays representing paths of simulated photons, the pixel value being representative of a point in a scene as recorded on an image plane of a simulated camera. The computer graphics system comprises a subdomain generator, a subdomain photon evaluator, an area value generator and a radiance value generator. An associated computer system generates, based on the pixel values, a display-controlling electrical output operable to control a display element and enable the display element to display an image.

摘要翻译： 计算机图形装置，方法，系统和程序产品（术语“程序”可以包括由计算机可读介质上编码的计算机可读程序指令组成的产品）可操作以生成图像中的像素的像素值，并存储或显示 使用所选择的光线跟踪方法，其中将模拟光线从像素拍摄到场景中，所述模拟光线表示模拟光子的路径，所述像素值表示像素值中的点 记录在模拟相机的图像平面上的场景。 计算机图形系统包括子域发生器，子域光子评估器，面积值发生器和辐射值发生器。 相关联的计算机系统基于像素值生成可操作以控制显示元件并使得显示元件能够显示图像的显示控制电输出。

公开(公告)号：US07499054B2

公开(公告)日：2009-03-03

申请号：US11759404

申请日：2007-06-07

申请人： Alexander Keller

发明人： Alexander Keller

IPC分类号： G06T15/50

CPC分类号： G06T15/506 ,  G06T15/06 ,  G06T15/55

摘要： Computer graphics apparatus, methods, systems and program products (the term “programs” can include a product consisting of computer-readable program instructions encoded on a computer readable medium) operable to generate pixel values for pixels in an image, and store or display a human-perceptible image based on the pixel values, comprise a photon map generator, a sample point generator and a function evaluator, which respectively generate a plurality of photon maps each associated with a respective point in time during a time interval, generate a set of sample points in accordance with a selected low-discrepancy sequence, and evaluate selected functions using photon maps associated with respective points in time associated with the sample points, thereby generating values corresponding to the pixel values. An associated computer system generates, based on the pixel values, a display-controlling electrical output to enable a display element to display an image.

摘要翻译： 计算机图形装置，方法，系统和程序产品（术语“程序”可以包括由计算机可读介质上编码的计算机可读程序指令组成的产品），其可操作以生成图像中的像素的像素值，并且存储或显示 基于像素值的人感知图像包括分别产生多个光子图的光子图生成器，采样点发生器和函数评估器，每个光子图在时间间隔内与相应的时间点相关联，生成一组 使用与所选择的低差异序列相对应的时间点的光子图来评估所选择的函数，从而产生与像素值对应的值。 相关联的计算机系统基于像素值生成显示控制电输出，以使得显示元件能够显示图像。

公开(公告)号：US07453457B2

公开(公告)日：2008-11-18

申请号：US11623883

申请日：2007-01-17

申请人： Silviu Borac

发明人： Silviu Borac

IPC分类号： G06T17/00

CPC分类号： G06T17/20

摘要： Computer graphics systems, devices and methods adapted to enable display and/or storage of human-perceptible images on a display, device include an arrangement for generating a coarse level mesh representing a surface, from a finer level mesh surface representation. The arrangement includes an indicator value generator and a coarse level mesh generator. The indicator value generator, for respective ones of the points in the finer level mesh surface representation, evaluates an indicator function, the value indicating whether a subdivision-inverse filter methodology or a least-squares optimization methodology is to be used to determine a position for the corresponding point in the coarse level mesh representation. The coarse level mesh generator determines, for each of the points that is to be provided in the coarse level mesh representation, a position in response to the position of the corresponding point in the finer level mesh representation, in accordance with the one of the subdivision-inverse filter methodology and least-squares optimization methodology indicated by the indicator value generated by the indicator value generator.

摘要翻译： 适于在显示器上显示和/或存储人类可感知图像的计算机图形系统，设备和方法包括用于从更细的级别的网格表面表示生成表示表面的粗略级网格的布置。 该装置包括指示器值发生器和粗级网格发生器。 指标值发生器对于较细级网格表面表示中的各个点，评估指标函数，该值指示是否使用细分 - 反向滤波器方法或最小二乘法最优化方法来确定位置 对应点在粗级网格表示中。 粗级网格生成器对于要在粗级网格表示中提供的每个点确定响应于较细级网格表示中对应点的位置的位置，根据该细分 - 由指标值生成器生成的指标值指示的反过滤器方法和最小二乘优化方法。

公开(公告)号：US07425957B2

公开(公告)日：2008-09-16

申请号：US11619275

申请日：2007-01-03

申请人： Alexander Keller

发明人： Alexander Keller

IPC分类号： G06T15/50 ,  G06T15/00

CPC分类号： G06T15/506 ,  G06T15/06 ,  G06T15/55

摘要： A computer graphics system generates a pixel value for a pixel in an image, the pixel value being representative of a point in a scene as recorded on an image plane of a simulated camera, the computer graphics system comprising a sample point generator and a function evaluator. The sample point generator is configured to generate a set of sample points, at least one sample point being generated using at least one depenent sample comprising at least one element of a low-discrepancy sequence offset by at least one element of another low-discrepancy sequence. The function evaluator is configured to generate at least one value representing an evaluation of a selection function at one of the sample points, the value generated by the function evaluator corresponding to the pixel value.

摘要翻译： 计算机图形系统生成图像中的像素的像素值，像素值表示记录在模拟相机的图像平面上的场景中的点，该计算机图形系统包括采样点发生器和函数评估器 。 采样点发生器被配置为生成一组采样点，使用至少一个依赖样本来生成至少一个采样点，该至少一个采样点包括由另一个低差异序列的至少一个元素偏移的低差异序列的至少一个元素 。 功能评估器被配置为生成表示在一个采样点上的选择功能的评估的至少一个值，由与像素值相对应的函数评估器生成的值。

公开(公告)号：US07227547B2

公开(公告)日：2007-06-05

申请号：US09884861

申请日：2001-06-19

申请人： Alexander Keller

发明人： Alexander Keller

IPC分类号： G06T15/50

CPC分类号： G06T15/06 ,  G06T15/506 ,  G06T15/55

摘要： A computer graphics system generates a pixel value for a pixel in an image, the pixel being representative of a point in a scene as recorded on an image plane of a simulated camera. The computer graphics system comprises a sample point generator and a function evaluator. The sample point generator is configured to generate a set of sample points representing at least one simulated element of the simulated camera, the sample points representing elements of, illustratively, for sample points on the image plane, during time interval during which the shutter is open, and on the lens, a Hammersley sequence, and, for use in global illumination, a scrambled Halton sequence. The function evaluator configured to generate at least one value representing an evaluation of said selected function at one of the sample points generated by said sample point generator, the value generated by the function evaluator corresponding to the pixel value.

摘要翻译： 计算机图形系统为图像中的像素生成像素值，该像素代表记录在模拟相机的图像平面上的场景中的点。 计算机图形系统包括采样点发生器和功能评估器。 采样点发生器被配置为在快门打开的时间间隔期间生成表示模拟相机的至少一个模拟元素的采样点集合，采样点表示图像平面上的采样点的元素，示例性地示出 ，并且在镜头上是Hammersley序列，并且在全局照明中使用加扰的Halton序列。 所述功能评估器被配置为在由所述采样点发生器产生的采样点之一中产生表示对所选择的函数的评估的至少一个值，所述值由与所述像素值相对应的所述函数评估器生成。

公开(公告)号：US07187379B2

公开(公告)日：2007-03-06

申请号：US10299955

申请日：2002-11-19

申请人： Alexander Keller

发明人： Alexander Keller

IPC分类号： G06T15/50 ,  G06T15/60 ,  G06F1/02

CPC分类号： G06T15/506 ,  G06T3/40 ,  G06T15/06 ,  G06T15/55 ,  G09G5/363 ,  G09G2360/18

摘要： A computer graphics system generates a pixel value for a pixel in an image, the pixel being representative of a point in a scene as recorded on an image plane of a simulated camera, the computer graphics system being configured to generate the pixel value for an image using a selected ray-tracing methodology in which simulated rays are shot from respective ones of a plurality of subpixels in the pixel, each subpixel having coordinates (sx,sy) in the image plane The computer graphics system comprises a sample point generator and a function evaluator. The sample point generator is configured to map subpixel coordinates (sx,sy) onto strata coordinates (j,k):=(sx mod 2n,sy mod 2n), from which a ray is to be shot, in accordance with x i = ( s x + σ ⁡ ( k ) 2 n , s y + σ ⁡ ( j ) 2 n ) where “i” is an instance number for the ray generated as i=j2n+σ(k), where integer permutation σ(k):=2nΦb(k) for 0≦k

公开(公告)号：US07173617B2

公开(公告)日：2007-02-06

申请号：US10462500

申请日：2003-06-16

申请人： Thomas Driemeyer ,  Rolf Herken

发明人： Thomas Driemeyer ,  Rolf Herken

IPC分类号： G06T15/00

CPC分类号： G06T15/005 ,  G06T15/50 ,  G06T15/80 ,  G06T17/005

摘要： A computer graphics system is described in which a new type of entity, referred to as a “phenomenon,” can be created, instantiated and used in rendering an image of a scene. A phenomenon is an encapsulated shader DAG comprising one or more nodes each comprising a shader, or an encapsulated set of such DAGs which are interconnected so as to cooperate, which are instantiated and attached to entities in the scene which are created during the scene definition process to define diverse types of features of a scene, including color and textural features of surfaces of objects in the scene, characteristics of volumes and geometries in the scene, features of light sources illuminating the scene, features of simulated cameras will be simulated during rendering, and numerous other features which are useful in rendering. Phenomena selected for use by an operator in connection with a scene may be predefined, or they may be constructed from base shader nodes by an operator using a phenomenon creator. The phenomenon creator ensures that phenomena are constructed so that the shaders in the DAG or cooperating DAGs can correctly cooperate during rendering of an image of the scene. Prior to being attached to a scene, a phenomenon is instantiated by providing values, or functions which are used to define the values, for each of the phenomenon's parameters, using a phenomenon editor. The phenomenon editor allows the operator to view the effects produced by various settings for the parameter values which are selected. During scene image generation, a scene image generator operates in a series of phases, including a including a preprocessing phase, a rendering phase and a post-processing phase. During a pre-processing phase, the scene image generator can perform pre-processing operations, such as shadow and photon mapping, multiple inheritance resolution, and the like. The scene image generator may perform pre-processing operations if, for example, a phenomenon attached to the scene includes a geometry shader to generate geometry defined thereby for the scene. During the rendering phase, the scene image generator renders the image. During the post-processing phase, the scene image generator may perform post-processing operations if, for example, a phenomenon attached to the scene includes a shader that defines post-processing operations.

公开(公告)号：US06885370B2

公开(公告)日：2005-04-26

申请号：US10165179

申请日：2002-06-07

申请人： Georgy Abramov ,  Kristjan Valur Jonsson

发明人： Georgy Abramov ,  Kristjan Valur Jonsson

IPC分类号： G06T1/20 ,  G06T15/50 ,  G06T15/55 ,  G06T15/60

CPC分类号： G06T15/506 ,  G06T1/20 ,  G06T15/55

摘要： A computer graphics system generate a pixel value for a pixel in an image to simulate global illumination represented by an evaluation of an unknown function ƒ of the form f ⁢ ( x ) = g ⁢ ( x ) + ∫ 0 1 ⁢ K ⁢ ( x , y ) ⁢ f ⁢ ( y ) ⁢   ⁢ ⅆ y , g(x) and K(x,y) known functions, with K(x,y) a “kernel” including a function associated with at least two colors. An estimator generator module generates “N” estimators ƒ(n)lds,RR(x) as f _ lds , RR ( n ) ⁡ ( x ) = ⁢ g ⁡ ( x ) + K ⁡ ( x , ξ 1 ( n ) ) ⁢ S 1 ( n ) + K ⁡ ( x , ξ 2 ( n ) ) ⁢ S 2 ( n ) + K ⁡ ( x , ξ 3 ( n ) ) ⁢ S 3 ( n ) + ⋯ ⁢   , ⁢ or f lds , RR ( n ) ⁡ ( x ) = ⁢ g ⁡ ( x ) + T 1 ( n ) ⁡ ( x ) ⁢ g ⁡ ( ξ 1 ( n ) ) + T 2 ( n ) ⁡ ( x ) ⁢ g ⁡ ( ξ 2 ( n ) ) + ⁢ T 3 ( n ) ⁡ ( x ) ⁢ g ⁡ ( ξ 3 ( n ) ) + ⋯ ⁢   , ⁢ where S 1 ( n ) := g ⁢ ( ξ 1 ( n ) ) , ⁢ S j + 1 ( n ) := Θ ⁡ ( M K ⁡ ( ξ j + 1 n , ξ j ( n ) ) , S j ( n ) - ξ j ′ ⁡ ( n ) ) M K ⁡ ( ξ j + 1 n , ξ j n ) , S j ( n ) ⁢ K ⁡ ( ξ j + 1 n , ξ j n ) ⁢ S j ( n ) , ⁢ and T 1 ( n ) ⁡ ( x ) := Θ ⁡ ( M K ⁡ ( x , ξ 1 ( n ) ) , 1 - ξ 1 ′ ⁡ ( n ) ) M K ⁡ ( x , ξ 1 ( n ) ) , 1 ⁢ K ⁡ ( x , ξ 1 ( n ) ) , ⁢ T j + 1 ( n ) ⁡ ( x ) := Θ ⁡ ( M K ⁡ ( ξ j ( n ) , ξ j + 1 ( n ) ) , T j ( n ) ⁡ ( x ) - ξ j + 1 ′ ⁡ ( n ) ) M K ⁡ ( ξ j ( n ) , ξ j + 1 ( n ) ) , T j ( n ) ⁡ ( x ) ⁢ K ⁡ ( ξ j ( n ) , ξ j + 1 ( n ) ) with M A , B := { ∫ 0 ∞ ⁢ A λ ⁢ B λ ⁢ ⅆ λ ∫ 0 ∞ ⁢ B λ ⁢ ⅆ λ , if ⁢   ⁢ ∫ 0 ∞ ⁢ B λ ⁢ ⅆ λ > 0 0 , if ⁢   ⁢ ∫ 0 ∞ ⁢ B λ ⁢ ⅆ λ = 0 , Θ(x) representing the Heaviside function, ξ1(n), ξ′1(n), . . . , ξL(n), ξ′L(n) components of a multi-dimensional strictly deterministic low-discrepancy sequence and “n” a sequence index. A luminance value module generates a luminance value for the point in the scene as the average of the estimator values generated by the estimator generator module. A pixel value generator module uses the luminance value generated for the point in the scene in generating the pixel value.