Abstract:
A lock-in amplifier includes a clock signal generator configured to generate a first demodulation clock signal and a second demodulation clock signal having a phase difference of 90 degrees and a same demodulation frequency; and a detector configured to, based on an input signal, the first demodulation clock signal, and the second demodulation clock signal, provide an offset voltage corresponding to an offset of the lock-in amplifier in a first operation mode, and provide a first output voltage and a second output voltage, each of which correspond to a demodulation frequency component of the input signal in a second operation mode.
Abstract:
A method of verifying operation of an oscillator includes performing a Monte-Carlo simulation with respect to points in an initial-conditions space, and then judging whether a frequency error exists. An oscillation error is determined to exist when the frequency error exists. Additional operations include determining a point at which a probability of having a settling time longer than a maximum value, of a settling time obtained up to a present time, is maximum when the frequency error does not exist. The Monte-Carlo simulation is then performed on the determined point to judge whether the frequency error exists.